COMPETITOR: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga
Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga FIK Universitas Negeri Makassar
Physical Mobility in the Elderly Community Assisted by the Youth, Sports, and Tourism Office of Sidoarjo Regency
Aging is commonly associated with a decline in balance, muscle strength, and overall physical function, which can negatively affect mobility and increase the risk of falls among older adults. Maintaining functional mobility is therefore essential to support independence and quality of life in the elderly population. This study aimed to analyze the physical mobility of elderly individuals participating in the elderly exercise community assisted by the Youth, Sports, and Tourism Office of Sidoarjo Regency. This research employed a quantitative descriptive design. The study was conducted at the yard of the Youth, Sports, and Tourism Office of Sidoarjo Regency, located on Sultan Agung Street No. 34, Magersari, Sidoarjo District, East Java, in April 2025, while data analysis and interpretation were completed in May 2025. The population consisted of 25 elderly individuals who regularly participated in community-based exercise activities. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling with inclusion criteria of female participants aged over 60 years. Physical mobility was measured using the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), a widely used instrument for evaluating functional mobility and balance in older adults. The results showed that most participants completed the test within 9–11 seconds. A total of 11 participants (44%) were categorized as having normal mobility with full functional independence. Meanwhile, one participant (4%) required 15–17 seconds to complete the test, indicating a higher risk of falling. Overall, 13 elderly individuals demonstrated full independence in mobility performance. In conclusion, the majority of elderly individuals participating in the community program demonstrate good physical mobility and independence in daily activities. However, a small proportion of participants still show an increased risk of falls. Therefore, regular physical activity programs are recommended to maintain balance, improve mobility, and reduce fall risk among elderly populations.
Physical Mobility; Elderly Community; Functional Independence; Timed Up And Go Test; Physical Activity
Copyright (c) 2026 Bayu Yudha Prasetyo, Anna Noordia, Noortje Anita Kumaat, Hijrin Fithroni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Influence Of Traditional Games On The Integrity Character Of Junior High School Students
This study aims to determine the effect of traditional games on improving the integrity character of seventh-grade students at SMP Negeri 1 Muaro Jambi. The study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method (pre-experimental design) through a one-group pretest–posttest design. The study population was all 170 seventh-grade students, while the research sample consisted of 34 students selected using a random sampling technique. The research instrument was an integrity character questionnaire consisting of 35 statement items with indicators of honesty, discipline, responsibility, hard work, and communication. Treatment was given through learning traditional games for four weeks which included running blocks, facing (gobak sodor), long clogs, and baseball. Data analysis was carried out using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test and paired sample t-test hypothesis testing. The results showed that the average score of students' integrity character increased from 132.03 in the pretest to 144.56 in the posttest with a difference of 12.53 points. The t-test results showed a significant value (p < 0.001), indicating a significant difference between the scores before and after treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that traditional games significantly influence the improvement of students' integrity character. These findings suggest that traditional games can be an effective learning strategy to support the strengthening of character education in schools.
Traditional Games; Integrity Character; Character Education; Physical Education; Junior High School Students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ricky Anjani1 (Author); Muhammad Ali (Translator); Adhe Saputra, Yonifia Anjanika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Public Participation And Satisfaction Towards Open Spaces For Sports
Open sports spaces play an important role in encouraging community participation in physical activity and improving public health in urban areas. The availability of accessible and well-managed public sports facilities can support the development of active lifestyles and enhance community satisfaction with public services. However, the effectiveness of these spaces depends on how far they are utilized by the community and how satisfied users are with the available facilities. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the level of community participation and satisfaction toward open sports spaces in Makassar City. This research employed a descriptive research design using a survey analysis approach. The population consisted of visitors who utilized open sports spaces in CPI (Center Point of Indonesia), Pakui Sayang Park, GOR Sudiang, and Macan Park. The sample included 50 respondents, selected using a random sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires and observations, and analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis at a significance level of 95% (α = 0.05). The results showed that the level of community participation in open sports spaces in Makassar generally fell into the satisfied category. Participation levels were recorded as 34% at CPI, 42% at Pakui Sayang Park, and 34% at GOR Sudiang, while participation at Macan Park was categorized as less satisfied with 32%. Meanwhile, the level of community satisfaction also generally fell within the satisfied category. Satisfaction levels were 38% at CPI, 36% at Pakui Sayang Park, and 34% at GOR Sudiang, while Macan Park showed a lower satisfaction level of 36% in the less satisfied category. In conclusion, open sports spaces in Makassar have generally supported community participation and satisfaction in engaging in physical activities. However, improvements in facility quality and management are needed, particularly in locations with lower satisfaction levels, to enhance public utilization and community well-being.
Community Participation; Community Satisfaction; Open Sports Space; Physical Activity; Makassar
Copyright (c) 2026 Muh. Adnan Hudain, Ahmad Adil, Ishak Bachtiar, Nurhikma Amal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Use Of Pair Models To Improve Underhand Passing Skills In Volleyball Games Of FIKK UNM Students
Physical fitness plays an essential role in supporting students’ health, physical performance, and overall quality of life. However, many students show low motivation to participate actively in physical fitness activities due to monotonous training methods. Therefore, innovative learning strategies are needed to improve students’ participation and physical development. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the pair model learning approach in improving underhand passing skills in volleyball among students of the Faculty of Sport Science (FIKK) at Universitas Negeri Makassar (UNM). This research employed an experimental method with a pretest–posttest control group design. The sample consisted of 40 students who were divided into two groups: an experimental group that participated in volleyball learning using the pair model training approach and a control group that followed conventional learning methods. Data were collected using an underhand passing skill test conducted before and after eight training sessions. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, normality tests, paired sample t-tests, and independent sample t-tests. The results showed that the experimental group experienced a significant improvement in underhand passing skills, with the average score increasing from 14.70 in the pretest to 19.15 in the posttest, while the control group improved from 14.70 to 17.90. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the two groups with a significance value of 0.001 < α 0.025, indicating that the pair model learning approach had a positive and significant effect on improving students’ underhand passing skills. In conclusion, the pair model learning approach is effective in improving volleyball underhand passing skills, increasing student participation, and creating a more interactive and meaningful learning environment in volleyball instruction for FIKK UNM students.
Pair Model Learning; Underhand Passing; Volleyball Skills; Physical Education; Student Performance
Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Rizal, Sudirman Burhanuddin, Imam Suyudi, Achmad Karim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Game-Based Physical Fitness Development For FIKK UNM Students
Physical fitness plays an essential role in maintaining students’ health, productivity, and overall quality of life. However, one of the major challenges in physical education is motivating students to actively participate in regular fitness activities. Conventional training methods are often perceived as monotonous and less engaging, which can reduce students’ motivation and participation. Therefore, innovative learning approaches are needed to create enjoyable and meaningful physical activity experiences. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of a game-based physical fitness development program in improving the physical fitness levels of students at the Faculty of Sport Science (FIKK), Universitas Negeri Makassar. This study employed an experimental research method using a pretest–posttest control group design. The research participants consisted of FIKK UNM students who were divided into two groups: an experimental group that participated in a game-based physical fitness program and a control group that followed conventional fitness learning activities. The intervention was conducted over eight training sessions involving traditional game activities designed to stimulate various components of physical fitness. Physical fitness was measured before and after the intervention using standardized tests assessing cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, agility, and flexibility. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test analysis. The results of the study indicated that traditional game-based activities had a positive and significant effect on improving students’ physical fitness. The experimental group demonstrated a greater improvement compared to the control group, with an average difference increase of 1.240 and a significance level of 0.001 < α 0.025. These findings indicate that integrating game-based activities into physical education programs can effectively increase students’ motivation, participation, and physical fitness development.
Game-Based Learning; Physical Fitness; Traditional Games; Physical Education; Student Participation
Copyright (c) 2025 Fahrizal, Chaerul Fadly Mochtar Lutfi, Andi Sri Dewi Anggraeni, Ikadarny (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Level Of Physical Fitness On The Athletes Achievements Of The FIKK UNM Athletic Club
Physical fitness is a fundamental factor that supports athlete performance and achievement in sports, particularly in athletics, which requires optimal endurance, strength, speed, and agility. Athletes with good physical fitness are generally able to perform movements more efficiently, maintain performance during competition, and reduce the risk of fatigue. Therefore, evaluating the level of physical fitness and its relationship with athlete performance is important in order to understand the factors that contribute to athletic success. This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical fitness levels and athlete achievements among members of the FIKK UNM Athletic Club. This research employed a quantitative approach with a correlational research design. The sample consisted of 20 athletes selected using a purposive sampling technique. Physical fitness data were collected through standardized fitness tests measuring endurance, arm muscle strength, and agility. Meanwhile, athlete achievement data were obtained from official records of recent competitions participated in by the athletes. Data analysis was conducted using the Pearson Product Moment correlation test to determine the relationship between physical fitness components and athlete performance, while multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the simultaneous contribution of the physical fitness variables. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between physical fitness components and athlete achievements. Endurance showed a correlation value of r = 0.67 (p = 0.000), arm muscle strength r = 0.55 (p = 0.000), and agility r = 0.51 (p = 0.001). Furthermore, regression analysis indicated that endurance, arm muscle strength, and agility simultaneously contributed 77% to athlete performance. In conclusion, physical fitness plays an important role in determining the achievements of athletes in the FIKK UNM Athletic Club. Improving endurance, muscular strength, and agility through systematic training programs can significantly enhance athlete performance in athletics competitions.
Physical Fitness; Athlete Achievement; Endurance; Muscular Strength Agility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suriah Hanafi, Ikadarny, Ramli (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Locomotor Movement Learning Based On Small Games For Elementary School Students
Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) plays an important role in developing students’ fundamental movement skills, particularly locomotor movements that serve as the foundation for more complex physical activities. However, in many elementary schools, students’ learning outcomes in basic locomotor movements remain relatively low due to limited variation in teaching strategies and low student engagement during learning activities. Therefore, innovative learning approaches are needed to create more active and enjoyable learning environments. This study aimed to improve elementary school students’ locomotor movement learning outcomes through the implementation of small games–based learning. This research employed the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method using the Kemmis and McTaggart model, which consists of four stages: planning, action, observation, and reflection. The study was conducted at SD N 159/IX Suka Maju, involving 23 third-grade students as research subjects. Data collection techniques included classroom observations and locomotor movement skill tests, while data analysis was carried out using descriptive quantitative methods by calculating the percentage of student learning mastery based on the Minimum Completion Criteria (KKM). The results showed a significant improvement in students’ locomotor learning outcomes after the implementation of small games–based learning. In the pre-action stage, only 9 students (39.1%) achieved learning mastery, while 14 students (60.9%) had not yet met the completion criteria. After the intervention, the number of students achieving mastery increased to 19 students (82.6%), while only 4 students (17.4%) remained below the completion criteria. These findings indicate that the use of small games in locomotor learning can increase student participation and improve learning outcomes. Therefore, small games–based locomotor movement learning can serve as an effective alternative instructional strategy for improving elementary school students’ fundamental locomotor skills.
Locomotor Movement; Small Games; Physical Education Learning; Elementary School Students; Motor Skill Development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Triyo Nova Utomo, Palmizal, Yonifia Anjanika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effectiveness of SAIH Gymnastics in Improving Elementary School Students' Creative Thinking Skills
The development of creative thinking skills is an essential component of 21st-century education, as students are expected not only to master knowledge but also to generate innovative ideas and solve problems creatively. However, learning practices in elementary schools often emphasize cognitive achievement while paying less attention to the integration of physical activity and creative thinking development. Physical Education (PJOK), through movement-based learning, has the potential to stimulate students’ cognitive processes, particularly creativity. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of SAIH (Senam Anak Indonesia Hebat) gymnastics in improving the creative thinking skills of sixth-grade students at MIS Nurul Yaqin. This research employed a quantitative approach using a one-group pretest–posttest experimental design. The research sample consisted of sixth-grade students at MIS Nurul Yaqin selected through a total sampling technique. The instrument used to measure students’ creative thinking skills was developed based on Torrance’s creativity indicators, which include fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. Data analysis was conducted through descriptive statistics, followed by the Shapiro–Wilk normality test and paired sample t-test to examine the significance of differences between pretest and posttest scores. The results indicated that students’ creative thinking skills improved significantly after participating in SAIH gymnastics activities. The average posttest score was higher than the pretest score, showing a substantial improvement in students’ creativity indicators. Furthermore, the paired sample t-test produced a significance value of p < 0.05, indicating that the increase in scores was statistically significant. In conclusion, the implementation of SAIH gymnastics proved effective in enhancing elementary school students’ creative thinking skills. The integration of rhythmic movement, coordination, and exploratory physical activities can provide meaningful learning experiences that stimulate students’ creativity and cognitive engagement in Physical Education learning.
Creative Thinking Skills; Physical Education; SAIH Gymnastics; Elementary School Students; Movement-Based Learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Wulan Sari, Atri Widowati, Mhd. Usni Zamzami Hasibuan, Yonifia Anjanika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Drill Training on Drop Shooting Ability
Systematic technical training is an important factor in improving specific skills in sports, including badminton. One training method often used in technical learning is drill training, which is repetitive training designed to strengthen motor movement patterns so that technical skills can be performed more consistently and effectively. In badminton, the ability to drop shoot is an important technique because it functions to regulate the rhythm of the game and create attacking opportunities by precisely placing the shuttlecock near the opponent's net. However, this technical ability still needs to be improved through appropriate training methods. This study aims to determine the effect of drill training on the drop shoot ability of students in the Sports Coaching Education Study Program (PKO) of the Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Makassar State University. This study used a quantitative approach with an experimental method through a one-group pretest–posttest design. The sample of the study was 30 students who participated in the drill training program for six weeks with a training frequency of three times per week. The research instrument used a drop shoot accuracy test based on a target area on the badminton court. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, the Levene homogeneity test, and hypothesis testing using a paired sample t-test. The results showed that the average pretest score of 58.40 increased to 74.60 in the posttest with a difference of 16.20 points. The t-test showed a value of t = 12.84 with p = 0.000 (p < 0.05) which indicates a significant effect of drill training on drop shoot ability. The effect size value (Cohen's d = 2.28) indicates a very large influence category. Thus, it can be concluded that drill training is effective in improving drop shoot ability in PKO FIKK UNM students.
Drills Training; Drop Shots; Badminton; Technical Skills; Sports Coaching
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ishak, Hikmad Hakim, Sahabuddin, Awaluddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Descriptive Quantitative Study Of Smash Skills Among Volleyball Players Of Bintang 04 Club In Jambi City
Volleyball is a popular team sport that requires mastery of various technical skills to achieve optimal performance during competition. One of the most important offensive techniques in volleyball is the smash, which is used to score points by striking the ball forcefully into the opponent’s court. Based on preliminary observations, Bintang 04 Club in Jambi City, established in 2011, is one of the volleyball clubs that actively develops athletes and provides adequate training facilities, including a volleyball court and supporting equipment for training and competitions. The athletes in this club demonstrate promising technical abilities; however, an objective evaluation of their smash skills is necessary to support the development of effective training programs. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive description of the smash skills of volleyball players at Bintang 04 Club in Jambi City. This research employed a quantitative descriptive method to describe the level of smash ability based on the indicators of a smash skill test. The population consisted of 34 athletes, from which 13 players were selected as research participants using purposive sampling. Data were collected through a smash skill test that evaluated four main stages of the smash technique: approach, jumping, hitting, and landing. The results showed that the approach stage obtained a mean score of 81 (SD = 8.96), with scores ranging from 67 to 93. In the jumping stage, the mean score was 79 (SD = 8.37), with scores ranging from 73 to 93. In the hitting stage, the mean score was 84 (SD = 7.51), with scores ranging from 67 to 93. Meanwhile, the landing stage obtained a mean score of 85 (SD = 8.67), with scores ranging from 67 to 93. In conclusion, the smash skills of volleyball players at Bintang 04 Club in Jambi City are classified in the “Good” category, with an overall average score of 82%. These findings indicate that the athletes demonstrate adequate technical ability in performing smash movements and provide useful information for coaches in improving training programs to enhance offensive performance in volleyball.
Volleyball; Smash Skill; Technical Performance; Athlete Evaluation; Volleyball Training
Copyright (c) 2026 Aren Desri, Boy Indrayana, Iwan Budi Setiawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Game Modification in Physical Education Learning: A Literature Review on Improving Student Participation and Motor Skills
Physical education plays a crucial role in developing students' physical fitness, motor skills, and social attitudes. However, in practice, low student participation in physical education learning activities is still found due to the use of learning approaches that are less engaging and less suited to students' abilities. One strategy that can be used to address this issue is game modification in the learning process. This study aims to comprehensively analyze various research findings regarding game modification in physical education learning and its impact on improving student participation and motor skills. This study used a systematic literature review with the PRISMA approach to identify, select, and analyze relevant scientific articles. Literature sources were obtained from various databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, and Google Scholar, covering the last ten years (2015–2025). Based on the literature selection process, 310 articles were identified in the initial stage. After screening and evaluation, 20 articles that met the research criteria were identified and analyzed in-depth. The study results indicate that game modification has a positive impact on increasing student participation in physical education learning. A more enjoyable and interactive learning environment can increase student motivation and engagement in physical activity. Furthermore, game modifications have been shown to improve students' motor skills, particularly in coordination, agility, balance, and object control. Therefore, game modifications can be an effective learning strategy for improving the quality of physical education instruction and supporting the optimal development of students' motor skills.
Game Modification; Physical Education; Student Participation; Motor Skills; Game-Based Learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Muchlisin Natas Pasaribu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Mental Toughness And Training Motivation Of Hockey Athletes At Slava Club Garut
Mental toughness is a crucial psychological factor that plays a role in increasing athletes' training motivation and consistency in participating in sports development programs. In team sports like hockey, athletes are required not only to possess strong physical and technical abilities, but also to be mentally prepared to face the pressures of training and competition. Therefore, understanding the relationship between mental toughness and training motivation is crucial to supporting the sustainable development of athlete performance. This study aims to analyze the relationship between mental toughness and training motivation in hockey athletes at the Slava Club Garut. This study used a quantitative approach with a correlational design to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between variables without introducing experimental treatment. The study population consisted of all hockey athletes actively training at the Slava Club Garut, with a sample size of 30 athletes determined using total sampling. Data collection was conducted using two Likert-scale questionnaires: a mental toughness questionnaire developed based on the conceptual framework of Gucciardi et al. (2009) and a training motivation questionnaire based on Self-Determination Theory by Deci and Ryan (2012). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, normality tests, and Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis. The results of the study indicate a strong and significant positive relationship between mental toughness and training motivation, with a correlation value of r = 0.846 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.716) indicates that mental toughness contributes 71.6% to the variation in athletes' training motivation. These findings indicate that athletes with higher levels of mental toughness tend to have stronger commitment, persistence, and engagement in a structured training program. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating mental training into athlete development programs to increase training motivation and support the development of long-term sports performance.
Mental Toughness; Training Motivation; Sports Psychology; Hockey Athlete; Athlete Development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zidan Mohammad Natsir, Z. Arifin, Alam Hadi Kosasih, Azhar Ramadhana Sonjaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effectiveness Of Circuit Training On The Accuracy Of Mawashi Geri Kicks In Karate Athletes
Kicking accuracy is a crucial factor in successful striking techniques in karate, particularly in kumite, which demands high speed, precision, and movement control. However, preliminary observations of FORKI Sungai Penuh karate athletes revealed that the accuracy of Mawashi Geri kicks remains relatively low, especially during intensive training and match simulations. This situation highlights the need for training methods that effectively integrate physical conditioning and technique. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of circuit training in improving Mawashi Geri kick accuracy in FORKI Sungai Penuh karate athletes. The research method used was an experimental one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 15 brown belt karate athletes selected using purposive sampling. The research instrument used a 30-second Mawashi Geri kick accuracy test targeting kicking pads. The circuit training program was implemented throughout the study period, incorporating several variations of exercises integrating strength, agility, coordination, and kicking technique. Data analysis was performed using a paired sample t-test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the average pretest score of 6.73 increased to 12.20 in the posttest, representing a 5.47-point increase. The statistical test showed a t-value of 12.364 with a significance level of 0.000 (<0.05). These results indicate a significant improvement after circuit training. Therefore, it can be concluded that circuit training is effective in improving the accuracy of Mawashi Geri kicks in FORKI Sungai Penuh karate athletes
Circuit Training; Kick Accuracy; Mawashi Geri; Karate; Technique Training
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmat Rivaldi, Sri Murniati, Tri Bayu Norito, Yonifia Anjanika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Implementation Of The Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Model In Improving Student Learning Participation In Physical Education, Sports, And Health
Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) learning plays an important role in increasing active student involvement in the learning process, which includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and social aspects. However, in practice, many PJOK learning methods are still conventional, resulting in suboptimal student learning participation. Therefore, innovative learning strategies are needed that can increase active student involvement. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of implementing the jigsaw cooperative learning model in increasing student learning participation in PJOK learning at SMP Negeri 5 Tarogong Kidul. This study used an experimental approach with a pretest–posttest control group design. The study population was 175 ninth-grade students, with a sample of 70 students selected through cluster random sampling techniques, consisting of 35 students in the experimental class and 35 students in the control class. The research instrument used a student learning participation questionnaire that covered aspects of emotional engagement, cognitive engagement, behavioral engagement, and social engagement, measured using a Likert scale. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics, normality tests, homogeneity tests, paired sample t-tests, and independent sample t-tests with the help of SPSS. The results of the study showed that the experimental class experienced an increase in the average value from 157.49 (pretest) to 166.94 (posttest), while the control class increased from 150.51 to 164.97. The results of the paired sample t-test in the experimental class showed t = -4.672, df = 34, Sig = 0.000, while the control class t = -7.657, df = 34, Sig = 0.000. The results of the independent sample t-test on the posttest data showed t = 1.048, df = 68, Sig = 0.298, and the Levene's Test homogeneity test showed F = 1.478, Sig = 0.228, which showed that the variances of the two groups were homogeneous. The findings of the study showed that both groups experienced an increase in learning participation, but the experimental class with the jigsaw model showed a better increase. Thus, the jigsaw type cooperative learning model can be recommended as an innovative learning strategy in PJOK learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Salman Maulana, Irwan Hermawan, Alam Hadi Kosasih (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effectiveness Of Functional Training On Improving Balance And Injury Prevention In Students
Functional training is a training approach designed to improve the body’s ability to perform movements that reflect the movement patterns of daily life and sports activities in an integrated and multi-planar manner. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of functional training on improving balance and preventing injuries in students. The research design used was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test control group design, involving an experimental group (n=30) and a control group (n=30). The experimental group underwent a structured functional training program for eight weeks with a frequency of three times per week, while the control group followed a regular physical training program that is normally conducted. The instruments used include the Y-Balance Test (YBT) for functional balance and the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) to assess movement pattern quality and injury risk. Data analysis was conducted using ANCOVA with the pre-test as a covariate and a significance level of alpha = 0.05. The study results showed that the experimental group experienced a significant increase in all balance variables (YBT: 14,6%) and a significant decrease in injury risk based on FMS scores (from an average of 13.27 to 16.83 out of a maximum score of 21), significantly different from the control group (p < 0.001). It was concluded that a structured and progressive functional training program effectively improves functional balance and reduces injury risk in students through comprehensive neuromuscular adaptation mechanisms.
Functional Exercise; Balance; Injury Prevention; FMS; Students
Copyright (c) 2026 Wildayati, Sitti Fatimah Azzahra M. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of A Balance Training Model In Wall Climbing Games In The Palado Organization In Pulu City, Sigi Regency
Wall climbing requires optimal balance skills to maintain body stability, control the center of gravity, and efficiently transition movements in the vertical plane. However, the balance training program at the Palado Organization in Pulu City, Sigi Regency, remains general and not specific to the characteristics of wall climbing movements. This study aims to develop a contextual and applicable balance training model for wall climbing. The method used was Research and Development (R&D) using the Borg and Gall model, which included needs analysis, product design, expert validation, small group trials, large group trials, and product revision. The study subjects were 30 athletes selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using percentage analysis to assess the model's feasibility. The results showed that the validation by wall climbing experts and language experts each achieved a 100% rating, categorizing it as very feasible. The small group trial achieved an 80% rating, while the large group trial increased to 88%, categorizing it as feasible. These findings indicate that the developed balance training model is effective, engaging, and can improve balance abilities and athletes' motivation during wall climbing training. Therefore, this training model can be used as an alternative training variation for coaches and athletes to improve the quality of climbing training.
Training Models; Balance; Wall Climbing; Research And Development; Sports Coaching
Copyright (c) 2026 Anang Kurniawan, Tri Murtono, Moh. Usbah, Delvi Kristanti Liloi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Ladder Drill Training On Improving The Agility Of Futsal Players At The Madama Angels Club
Futsal is a sport characterized by fast-paced, dynamic play that demands explosive changes of direction. Agility is a key physical component that determines a player's effectiveness in transitioning between offense and defense. Initial observations of the female players at Club Madama Angels revealed limitations in agility, particularly in situations of rapid changes of direction. This study aims to analyze the effect of ladder drill training on improving the agility of futsal players at Club Madama Angels. The research method used a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest model. The sample consisted of 20 female athletes selected using a total sampling technique. The agility measurement instrument used the T-Drill Test. The ladder drill training program was administered for 6 weeks (17 sessions) at a frequency of 3 times per week and applied the principle of progressive overload. Data analysis used the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, Levene's homogeneity test, and paired sample t-test at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed an average pre-test time of 19.98 seconds, decreasing to 17.49 seconds in the post-test, with a difference of 2.49 seconds. The t-test showed a t-value of 12.84 with a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05) and a large effect size (Cohen's d = 1.82). It was concluded that ladder drills had a significant and effective effect on improving the agility of female futsal players at Club Madama Angels.
Ladder Drill; Agility; Women's Futsal; T-Drill; Neuromuscular Training
Copyright (c) 2026 Wulan Suci, Nyoman Sukrawan, Rahma, Delvi Kristanti Liloi, Didik Purwanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Developing A Long-Distance Running Learning Model For Students
Long-distance running learning at the junior high school level often faces problems with low student interest, motivation, and engagement due to monotonous learning approaches and a lack of training variations. This study aims to develop a long-distance running learning model for eighth-grade students at SMP Negeri 3 Palu to increase interest, motivation, and effectiveness of athletic learning. The study used the Research and Development (R&D) method by adapting the steps of Borg and Gall which include initial research, planning, product development, expert validation, small group trials, revisions, large group trials, and final product refinement. The research subjects consisted of 10 students in the small-scale trial and 30 students in the large-scale trial, and involved one learning expert and one athletic sports expert as validators. The data collection technique used a questionnaire, then analyzed using a percentage technique. The validation results showed that the athletic sports expert and learning expert each gave a score of 100% with a category suitable for use. The results of the small group trial obtained a percentage of 73% (category used), while the large group trial increased to 90% (category used). These findings indicate that the developed learning model is effective, practical, and suitable for application in PJOK learning, especially long-distance running material, and is able to increase students' interest and enthusiasm in participating in the learning process.
Learning Models; Long Distance Running; Research and Development; Physical Education; Junior High School Students
Copyright (c) 2026 Mawaddah, Addriana Bulu Baan, Sardiman, Hendriana Sri Rejeki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effectiveness of Resistance Band Training On Increasing Punch Power of Martial Arts Athletes PJKR Students of Insan Budi Utomo University Malang
Punching power is a crucial component of a martial arts athlete's performance because it determines the effectiveness of attacks and points earned in matches. However, training methods used at the university level tend to be conventional and do not emphasize the specific development of explosive power. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of resistance band training in increasing punching power in martial arts athletes participating in the Physical Education and Training (PJKR) program at Insan Budi Utomo University, Malang. The research method used an experimental approach with a pretest–posttest control group design. Forty university-level athletes were divided into two groups: an experimental group given a resistance band training program for 6 weeks (3–4 times per week) and a control group undergoing conventional training. The measurement instrument used a punching power test using a pressure sensor-based punching pad to measure force output (Newtons). The analysis showed a significant increase in the experimental group, with average power increasing from 213.92 N to 250.75 N (p < 0.05), compared to the control group, which did not show such an increase. These findings indicate that resistance band training effectively increases arm and shoulder muscle strength, which directly contributes to increased punching power. Thus, resistance bands can be recommended as an effective, practical, and economical alternative training method to improve the punching performance of martial arts athletes in a college environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Khoiron Nasruli, Winarno, Ahmad Ilham Habibi, Yusvidha Ernatha, Shinta Masitho Windriyani, Laila Nur Rohmah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship Between Hand Reaction Speed And Hand-Eye Coordination On Forehand Stroke Accuracy In Table Tennis Players At PTM Garuda Satria Club Central Lampung
Table tennis is a high-speed open-skill sport that requires rapid reaction time and precise coordination to achieve accurate stroke performance. Forehand stroke accuracy plays a crucial role in scoring and maintaining game control, yet it is influenced by multiple perceptual-motor factors. This study aimed to determine the relationship between hand reaction speed and hand-eye coordination on forehand stroke accuracy among table tennis players at PTM Garuda Satria Club, Central Lampung. This research employed a quantitative correlational design using a survey method with test and measurement techniques. The population consisted of all active players at PTM Garuda Satria, with 25 male athletes selected through purposive sampling. Instruments included the Whole-Body Reaction Test to measure hand reaction speed, the Wall Toss Test to assess hand-eye coordination, and a forehand stroke accuracy test to evaluate target precision. Data were analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple correlation analysis at a significance level of 0.05. The results indicated: (1) a very strong and significant negative relationship between hand reaction speed and forehand stroke accuracy (r = -0.919; p = 0.000 < 0.05), (2) a very strong and significant positive relationship between hand-eye coordination and forehand stroke accuracy (r = 0.878; p = 0.000 < 0.05), and (3) a very strong and significant simultaneous relationship between hand reaction speed and hand-eye coordination with forehand stroke accuracy (R = 0.928; p = 0.000 < 0.05). These findings confirm that perceptual-motor integration plays a dominant role in optimizing forehand performance in table tennis
Hand Reaction Speed; Hand-Eye Coordination; Forehand Stroke Accuracy; Table Tennis; Perceptual-Motor Performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fajar Kurniawan, Marta Dinata, Muhammad Fajril Rifaldo, Surisman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Psychological Anxiety Levels In U-12 Female Football Players At The Milklife Football Challenge Event In Semarang
Girls' youth football has seen significant development, but psychological preparedness, particularly competitive anxiety, remains a challenge in developing young athletes. This study aims to analyze the psychological anxiety levels of U-12 girls' football players at the MilkLife Football Challenge in Semarang. The study employed a quantitative descriptive design with a survey method. The sample consisted of 50 female athletes selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2), which measures three dimensions: somatic anxiety, worry (cognitive anxiety), and concentration disturbance. The instrument met validity and reliability requirements and used a four-point Likert scale. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, including calculating means, percentages, and classifying scores based on predetermined intervals. The results showed that the average overall anxiety score was 46 (high category). The worry dimension was the most dominant dimension, followed by somatic anxiety, which was also in the high category, and concentration disturbance in the moderate category. The distribution of categories showed that 54% of athletes had high anxiety levels, 44% had moderate anxiety levels, and 2% had low anxiety levels. These findings indicate that competitive anxiety in young female football athletes is more influenced by cognitive factors that have the potential to influence mental readiness and physical responses during competition.
Competitive Anxiety; Female Youth Football; Psychological Readiness; Sas-2; U-12 Athletes
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ulin Nuha, Donny Wira Yudha Kusuma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Improving Playing Skills Through Integrated Drilling for PB Khusnul Khotimah's Men's Singles Players
Badminton playing skills are a crucial component that athletes must master, particularly in men's singles, which demands independent court control and the ability to effectively execute various shots in dynamic rally situations. Initial observations at PB Khusnul Khotimah indicated that men's singles athletes still experienced stiffness in technical execution and difficulty combining various shots effectively due to the dominance of conventional training methods based on isolated drills. This study aimed to determine the level of athletes' playing skills before and after implementing an integrated drilling program and to analyze the improvements that occurred after the intervention. The study used an experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population consisted of 30 athletes, with 10 men's singles athletes selected through purposive sampling. The integrated drilling program was implemented for 6 weeks (18 sessions), integrating specific drilling, combination drilling, and response drilling. Playing skills were measured using the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI). Data analysis was performed using a paired sample t-test using SPSS version 26 at a significance level of α = 0.05. The results showed an average increase in the Skill Execution Index (SEI) from 0.4871 to 0.6155, representing a 27.71% increase. The t-test yielded a t-value of 18.538 with a p value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), and a Cohen's d effect size of 5.862 (a very large effect). It was concluded that the integrated drilling program was significantly effective in improving the playing skills of PB Khusnul Khotimah's men's singles athletes.
Integrated Drilling; Playing Skills; GPAI; Badminton; Men's Singles
Copyright (c) 2026 Tegar Rahman Trisnandar, Alam Hadi Kosasih, Z. Arifin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Agility And Speed Of Football Teams Using Arrowhead Tests And 40-Meter Sprints
Modern football demands optimal agility and speed as key components of a player's physical performance. Standardized test-based evaluation is necessary to obtain an objective picture of an athlete's physical condition profile. This study aims to describe the agility and speed profiles of football players using the Arrowhead Agility Test and the 40-meter sprint. The study used a descriptive quantitative design with a total sampling approach involving 22 UNY Academy athletes. Data collection was conducted through two on-field physical performance tests. Each participant performed two attempts at each test, and the best time was used as the final score for the analysis. The analysis results showed that the mean time on the Arrowhead Agility Test was 8.90 seconds with a standard deviation of 0.57 seconds. Meanwhile, the mean time for the 40-meter sprint was 5.71 seconds with a standard deviation of 0.39 seconds. Based on performance assessment criteria, both components fall into the moderate category for the college or amateur competitive level. These findings indicate that although the players' physical condition is adequate and relatively homogeneous, there is still room for development, particularly in change of direction speed and sprint acceleration. This research provides a practical contribution for coaches in developing training programs that are more structured, specific, and based on actual player performance data.
Agility; Sprint Speed; Arrowhead Agility Test; 40-Meter Sprint; Football
Copyright (c) 2026 Khumaira Marsyahidah Badu, Jaka Pratama Galeko, Herudin Ahzari, Sitti Kamelia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect Of Walking Lunge With Unilateral Shoulder Press Exercise On Semi Smash Accuracy
The semi-smash is a fast-paced attack technique in volleyball that demands the integration of explosive leg power, core stability, and shoulder control to produce an accurate and effective shot. However, extracurricular training at the school level often does not integrate functional strength training models specific to the biomechanical requirements of the smash. Plyometric training, specifically variations of the walking lunge with unilateral shoulder press, is a method capable of developing muscular power by simultaneously activating the lower and upper extremity kinetic chains, potentially improving smash accuracy. This study aimed to analyze the effect of this training on semi-smash accuracy in male extracurricular volleyball students at MTs Al-Khairat Tondo. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a non-randomized pretest-posttest control group. The sample consisted of 20 students selected using total sampling and divided into experimental and control groups (n=10 each). The intervention was implemented for 6 weeks, administered three times per week. Smash accuracy was measured before and after the intervention using a target smash test. The results showed a significant increase in both groups (p<0.05), but the highest increase occurred in the experimental group from 10.10 ± 1.79 to 14.10 ± 1.91 (p<0.001), compared to the control group from 10.20 ± 1.81 to 11.90 ± 1.91 (p=0.009). There was a significant difference between groups after the intervention (p=0.019) with a significant difference in improvement (p=0.002). It was concluded that walking lunge with unilateral shoulder press training had a significant effect on increasing the accuracy of students' semi smashes.
Walking Lunge; Unilateral Shoulder Press; Semi Smash; Muscle Power; Youth Volleyball
Copyright (c) 2026 Zulpadli, Didik Purwanto, Tri Murtono, Moh Ifkhal Sianto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Training Evaluation To Improve The Performance Of Women's Rowing Athletes In Dragon Boat Tanjung Jabung Barat
Dragon Boat rowing demands a high level of strength, endurance, technique, and team cohesion. Problems encountered among female rowers in West Tanjung Jabung include mid-race fatigue, slowing of their paddling technique, and the lack of regular and systematic training evaluations. This study aims to analyze training evaluations to improve the performance of female rowers using the CIRO (Context, Input, Reaction, Outcome) evaluation model. The study used a descriptive qualitative approach, with the participants being the head of the board, coaches, assistant coaches, and athletes. Data were collected through field observations, semi-structured interviews, and documentation of training programs and performance data. Data analysis was conducted using NVivo 12 Pro through thematic coding. The results show: (1) Context: coaches design periodization based on four pillars (physical, technical, mental, and competition simulation) with the vision of making West Tanjung Jabung a regional barometer; (2) Input: infrastructure is adequate but requires equipment upgrades, with funding support from KONI and private sponsors; (3) Reaction: all stakeholders demonstrated a positive and supportive response; (4) Outcome: The women's team won second place at the 2025 Jambi Provincial Championship and is targeting advancement towards PORPROV and PON. It was concluded that the CIRO-based evaluation effectively identified strengths and areas for improvement in the training program and supported sustainable performance improvement.
Training Evaluation; CIRO; Athlete Performance; Women's Dragon Boat; Sports Coaching
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayu Karmila, Palmizal, Ely Yuliawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of the Achievement Coaching Program for PSHT Pencak Silat Athletes at Pondok Candra Using the CIPP Method
High-performance sports development requires a structured and sustainable management system to produce optimal competitive results. This research is motivated by the fluctuating performance of PSHT Pondok Candra pencak silat athletes, despite the high enthusiasm of training participants. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the high-performance development program using the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model. The study employed a mixed-methods design with a descriptive quantitative and qualitative approach. The population encompassed all aspects of development, with a sample of 15 respondents selected through purposive sampling, consisting of the head, coaches, and athletes. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, documentation studies, and questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Miles & Huberman interactive analysis. The results showed that the Context component (3.71), Input (3.29 in the coach competency and facilities aspect), and Process (3.53) were in the "Very Good" category, indicating optimal organizational management, coach qualifications, and training implementation. However, the Product component (3.17) and the athlete quality aspect (3.25 in the Input aspect) remained in the "Good" category. These findings indicate a time gap between the quality of governance and the conversion of performance results. It was concluded that the development program is managerially professional, but requires increased tryout frequency and a more selective athlete recruitment system to maximize medal achievements sustainably.
CIPP Model; Program Evaluation; Achievement Development; Pencak Silat; Sports Management
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Harsya Zidan Afandi, Heri Wahyudi, Pudjijuniarto, Shidqi Hamdi Pratama Putera (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Implementation of Futsal-Based Training To Enhance Passing Skills of Extracurricular Students
Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) plays a crucial role in holistically developing students' cognitive, affective, and psychomotor skills. In futsal, passing skills are a fundamental technique that significantly determines the effectiveness of the game, as they serve to maintain ball possession, build attacks, and create scoring opportunities. This study aims to examine the effect of implementing futsal-based training based on small-sided games (SSG) on improving the passing skills of extracurricular students at SMP Negeri 5 Bajawa. This study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method using a Pretest–Posttest Control Group design. The sample size of 40 students was divided into 20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group. The experimental group received game-based futsal training with modified rules to improve passing frequency and quality, while the control group received conventional drill-based training. The instrument used was a passing skills test that measured passing accuracy, consistency, and speed. The results showed that the mean score of the experimental group increased from 18.40 to 25.85, while the control group increased from 18.10 to 20.15. A paired-sample t-test showed a significant increase in both groups (p < 0.05), but an independent-sample t-test on the gain score showed a significant difference (p = 0.000), confirming the effectiveness of the game-based approach. It was concluded that the implementation of futsal-based training based on SSG significantly improved students' passing skills and is recommended as a more contextual and participatory physical education (PJOK) learning strategy.
Futsal-Based Training; Small-Sided Games; Passing Skills; Extracurricular Activities; Physical Education
Copyright (c) 2026 Apolinaris Alexander Nua, Bernabas Wani, Josep Marsianus Rewo, Yanuarius Ricardus Natal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Concerns about the Self-Confidence of Road Race Athletes at IMI Garut Regency
Road racing is a high-risk motorsport discipline that demands not only technical skill and physical readiness but also strong psychological regulation. Competitive anxiety and self-confidence are often associated with athlete performance; however, empirical studies on their relationship in the context of high-speed motorsport are still limited. This study aims to analyze the relationship between self-confidence and anxiety in road race athletes under the auspices of the Indonesian Motorsport Association (IMI) of Garut Regency. The study used a quantitative correlational design with a total sampling technique involving 10 athletes from various competition levels (professional, semi-professional, and beginners). Data were collected through a validated questionnaire and then analyzed using prerequisite tests (Shapiro–Wilk normality and Levene homogeneity) and the Pearson product–moment correlation test. The results showed that both variables were normally distributed and homogeneous (p > 0.05). The correlation analysis yielded a coefficient of r = 0.054 with a significance value of p = 0.947 (> 0.05), indicating no significant relationship between self-confidence and anxiety. These findings suggest that in the context of high-risk motorsport, anxiety does not always reduce athlete confidence. Psychological responses are likely influenced by competitive experience and situational interpretations of racing pressure. These research findings highlight the complex dynamics of emotion regulation in road racing and provide implications for the development of more contextual psychological interventions.
Self-Confidence; Competitive Anxiety; Road Race; Emotional Regulation; Sports Psychology
Copyright (c) 2026 Shofa Oktavian, Alam Hadi Kosasih, Ani Kurniawati, Hung Chin Huang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Mastery of The Laws of The Game By Referees of PSSI Askab Banyumas
Referees play a fundamental role in ensuring fairness, integrity, and consistency in football matches through the correct application of the Laws of the Game established by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). At the district association level, mastery of these regulations becomes a crucial foundation for refereeing professionalism and decision legitimacy. This study aimed to analyze the level of mastery of the Laws of the Game among football referees affiliated with PSSI Askab Banyumas. This research employed a quantitative descriptive design using a survey method. Data were collected through a structured multiple-choice test based on the official Laws of the Game. The participants consisted of 35 active referees holding C1, C2, and C3 licenses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, minimum–maximum values, and categorical interval distribution. The results showed that the overall mean score was 86.43, placing referees in the good category. Specifically, 48.57% were categorized as good, 37.14% as very good, 11.43% as fair, and 2.86% as less. Mastery was strongest in procedural and technical aspects, while variation was observed in interpretative components of the rules. In conclusion, the regulatory foundation of referees at the district level is relatively strong; however, continuous reinforcement through case-based training, periodic evaluation, and regulatory updates is necessary to enhance decision-making consistency and professionalism.
Laws of the Game; Referee Competence; Regulatory Mastery; Football Officiating; Decision-Making Consistency
Copyright (c) 2026 Saguh Galang Setianto, Purwono Sidik Permono (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Role of Physical Activity and Emotional Intelligence in Predicting Students' Social Compliance
The dynamics of campus life in the modern era present challenges related to students' discipline, adherence to norms, and social responsibility. Social compliance is not only a reflection of rule obedience but also an indicator of emotional maturity and character development in higher education. This study aims to analyze the influence of physical activity and emotional intelligence on students' social compliance and to examine the mediating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between physical activity and social compliance. This research employed a quantitative approach with an explanatory design. The sample consisted of 100 active students involved in campus physical activities, selected using purposive sampling. Instruments included an adapted International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), an emotional intelligence scale, and a contextualized social compliance scale. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression and mediation analysis after meeting classical assumption tests. The results indicate that physical activity and emotional intelligence significantly influence students' social compliance both simultaneously (R = 0.671; R² = 0.450) and partially. Physical activity significantly predicts emotional intelligence (β = 0.413; p < 0.001), emotional intelligence significantly predicts social compliance (β = 0.492; p < 0.001), and emotional intelligence partially mediates the relationship between physical activity and social compliance. These findings highlight the importance of integrating structured physical activity and emotional intelligence development as strategic components of character education in higher education institutions.
Physical Activity; Emotional Intelligence; Social Compliance; University Students; Character Education
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Ridwan Fauzi, Mela Suhariyanti, Yopi Hutomo Bhakti, Guntur Yulisatria (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0