Prevalence and Risk Factors of Physical Fitness Disorders in Adolescents: A Literature Review
Keywords:
Adolescent Physical Fitness; Physical Fitness Disorders; Physical Inactivity; Sedentary Behavior; Risk factorsAbstract
This study aimed to systematically review journal-based evidence published between 2020 and 2025 regarding the prevalence and risk factors of physical fitness disorders among adolescents. The review sought to identify global and regional patterns of adolescent fitness impairment and to synthesize dominant behavioral, biological, and environmental determinants. A systematic literature review was conducted using major scientific databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Twenty peer-reviewed studies meeting predefined inclusion criteria were selected, involving adolescent populations aged 10–19 years. The included studies comprised cross-sectional, cohort, surveillance, and systematic review designs. Data were extracted and synthesized narratively, focusing on prevalence rates, affected fitness components, and recurring risk factors. The findings indicate a consistently high prevalence of physical fitness disorders among adolescents worldwide. Global surveillance data show that over 80% of adolescents aged 11–17 years fail to meet minimum physical activity recommendations. Across national and regional studies, 40–70% of adolescents were classified as having poor or low physical fitness. Cardiorespiratory fitness was the most affected component, with 90% of studies reporting reduced VO₂max or poor endurance performance. The most frequently identified risk factors were low physical activity levels (95%), high screen time and sedentary behavior (85%), and overweight or obesity (80%). Additional contributing factors included poor sleep quality, unhealthy dietary habits, psychosocial stress, low socioeconomic status, and environmental barriers. Female adolescents consistently demonstrated lower physical activity participation and poorer fitness outcomes than males. Pandemic-related restrictions further exacerbated declines in physical fitness. Physical fitness disorders among adolescents are highly prevalent and driven by interconnected behavioral and environmental factors. These findings underscore the need for multisectoral, school-based, and community-supported interventions, as well as improved standardization of adolescent fitness measurement in future research.
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