The Relationship Between Nutritional Status And Hydration With Vo2max In Swimming Athletes South Sulawesi

M. Rachmat Kasmad; Ririn Wulandari; Ichsani

Authors

M. Rachmat Kasmad Universitas Negeri Makassar Author
Ririn Wulandari Universitas Negeri Makassar Author
Ichsani Universitas Negeri Makassar Author

Keywords:

Nutritional Status; Hydration; VO₂max; Swimming Athletes; Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Abstract

VO₂max represents a central indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness and a primary determinant of endurance performance in competitive swimming. Adequate oxygen transport and utilization capacity are strongly influenced by physiological adaptations, body composition, and energy availability. However, suboptimal nutritional intake and inadequate hydration practices remain common among adolescent athletes and may compromise aerobic capacity and training adaptation. Empirical evidence examining the combined influence of nutritional status and hydration on VO₂max in regional swimming populations, particularly in South Sulawesi, remains limited. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between nutritional status, hydration status, and VO₂max among swimming athletes in South Sulawesi. A quantitative cross-sectional design was applied involving 20 adolescent swimmers selected through purposive sampling at the Mattoanging Stadium Swimming Pool, Makassar. Nutritional status was assessed using BMI-for-age (WHO standards), hydration status was evaluated through a urine color chart, and VO₂max was estimated using the multistage fitness (beep) test. Data were analyzed using Kendall’s Tau correlation test. The findings revealed a significant relationship between nutritional status and VO₂max (p = 0.002), indicating that athletes with more optimal body mass profiles demonstrated superior aerobic capacity. Conversely, hydration status was not significantly associated with VO₂max (p = 0.140), suggesting that mild hydration variations may not directly affect maximal oxygen uptake under the study conditions. These results emphasize the critical role of optimal nutritional management in supporting cardiorespiratory endurance and swimming performance.

References

Abduh, I., Kamarudin, & Liloi, D. K. (2020). Level Aktivitas Fisik dan Status Gizi Siswa SMA pada Masa Pandemic Covid 19 (Studi pada Siswa SMANOR Tadulako Kota Palu). Ghidza: Jurnal Gizi Dan Kesehatan, 4(2), 226–236.

Adhianto, K. G., & Arief, N. A. (2023). Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik Terhadap Kebugaran Jasmani Peserta Didik Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Jambura Journal of Sports Coaching, 5(2), 134–141.

Ahmad, Akbar, A. K., Nur, S., & Riswanto, A. H. (2020). Pengaruh Interval Training Terhadap Peningkatan Vo2max Renang Gaya Kupu-Kupu pada Atlet Renang Kota Palopo. Jurnal Pendidikan Glasser, 4(1), 37–44.

Alkaririn, M. R., Aji, A. S., & Afifah, E. (2022). Hubungan Aktifitas Fisik dengan Status Gizi Mahasiswa Keperawatan Universitas Alma Ata Yogyakarta. Pontianak Nutrition Journal, 5(1), 146–151.

Ani, R., Antu, Y., Jusuf, M. I., Karim, C. R., & Pateda, S. M. (2025). Gambaran Status Hidrasi Dengan Biomarker Urine Pada Mahasiswa Preklinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Negeri Gororontalo. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.5455/mnj.v1i2.644

Armstrong, L. E., Johnson, E. C., & McKenzie, A. L. (2018). Hydration biomarkers and dietary fluid consumption of women. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 118(3), 408–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2017.09.014

Asmilyadi, R., & Yendrizal. (2020). Hubungan Antara Kemampuan VO2MAX dan Status Gizi dengan Hasil Belajar Penjasorkes Siswa di SMA Negeri 2 Kerinci. Jurnal Patriot, 2(2), 537–548.

Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Wong, S. H., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2019). Carbohydrates for training and competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1555907

Cahyono, I. D., Agustina, T., Basuki, S. W., & Hernawan, B. (2021). Hubungan Antara Status Gizi dan Kebiasaan Berolahraga dengan Nilai Volume Oksigen Maksimal (VO2 Max) pada Siswa Laki-laki SMP Negeri di Temanggung Selama Pandemi Covid-19. Herb-Medicine Journal, 4(4), 30–39.

Casa, D. J., Cheuvront, S. N., Galloway, S. D. R., et al. (2019). Fluid replacement for athletes: International consensus statement. Journal of Athletic Training, 54(11), 1124–1139. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-484-18

Desbrow, B., McCormack, J., Burke, L. M., et al. (2020). Sports dietitians Australia position statement: Sports nutrition for the adolescent athlete. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 30(3), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0005

Esih, G. P. B., & Pramono, B. A. (2021). Analisis Minat Atlet Usia Remaja Dalam Mengikuti Pelatihan Olahraga Renang Pada Klub Renang Kabupaten Kediri. Jurnal Prestasi Olahraga, 4(12), 31.

Goulet, E. D. B. (2020). Dehydration and endurance performance. Sports Medicine, 50(S1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01241-6

Hita, I. P. A. D., Kushartanti, B. M. W., & Nanda, F. A. (2020). Physical Activity, Nutritional Status, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Total Energy Expenditure of Indonesia Migrant Workers during Covid-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga, 5(2), 122–128.

Heikura, I. A., Uusitalo, A. L. T., Stellingwerff, T., et al. (2018). Low energy availability in female athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(4), 428–435. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0333

Istiqomah, I. P. N., Kristiyanto, A., & Ardyanto, T. D. (2022). Hubungan Status Gizi dengan Kebugaran Jasmani Atlet Taekwondo Remaja. Fisiomu, 3(1), 1–7.

Januszko, P., & Lange, E. (2021). The effect of dehydration on aerobic performance. Nutrients, 13(10), 3536. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103536

Joyner, M. J., & Coyle, E. F. (2018). Endurance exercise performance: The physiology of champions. The Journal of Physiology, 596(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273195

Kasmad, R., Yasin, Y. K., Setyagraha, E., Irma, Alimuddin, H., & Sanrebayu. (2024). Gambaran Pola Makan , Status Gizi , dan Siklus Menstruasi pada Atlet Renang Putri Sulawesi Selatan. Seminar Nasional Hasil Penelitian 2024, 214–221.

Katz, A., Grgic, J., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2021). Hydration and exercise performance: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 51(2), 281–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01327-1

Kolayis, E., & Arol, P. (2020). The Effect Of Zumba Exercises On Body Composition, Dynamic Balance And Functional Fitness Parameters In 15-17 Years Old Women With High Body Mass Index. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 24(3), 118-124. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2020.0303

Kurniawan, W., Rahadianti, D., Ruqayyah, S., & Priono, R. I. P. (2024). Hubungan Jenis Kelamin, Indeks Massa Tubuh, Lama Latihan dan Tipe Cabang Olahraga dengan Volume Oksigen Maksimal (Vo2max) pada Atlet Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan Olahraga Pelajar (PPLP) NTB. Malahayati Health Student Journal, 4(4), 1523–1535.

Lang, J. J., Tremblay, M. S., Léger, L., et al. (2018). International normative 20 m shuttle run values. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(1), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096224

Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2020). Hydration and performance in sport. European Journal of Sport Science, 20(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1635132

Meyer, F., O’Connor, H., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2020). Nutrition for the young athlete. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(15), 1801–1811. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1745933

Morais, J. E., Barbosa, T. M., Forte, P., & Neiva, H. (2020). Anthropometric determinants in young swimmers. Sports, 8(3), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8030038

Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., et al. (2018). IOC consensus statement on RED-S. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(11), 687–697. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099193

Oktavrianto, D., & Noordia, A. (2020). Pengaruh Status Hidrasi Terhadap Kemampuan Vo2max Atlet Putra Cabang Olahraga Sepak Takraw SMAN Olahraga Jawa Timur. Jurnal Kesehatan Olahraga, 08(02), 113–118.

Papaoikonomou, G., Apergi, K., & Malisova, O. (2025). Children, Adolescents and Urine Hydration Indices — A Systematic Literature Review on Athletes and Non-Athletes. Children, 12, 1–19.

Poole, D. C., & Jones, A. M. (2017). Measurement of VO₂max. Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(4), 997–1003. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01008.2016

Sandbakk, Ø., Solli, G. S., & Holmberg, H. C. (2021). Sex differences in endurance performance. Sports Medicine, 51(S1), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01389-1

Syahputra, A. F., Irfan, M., & Fatmawati, V. (2024). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Vo2max pad Remaja Renang. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 2, 382–388.

Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Nutrition and athletic performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(3), 543–568. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852

Tomkinson, G. R., Carver, K. D., Atkinson, F., et al. (2018). European normative values for cardiorespiratory fitness. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(22), 1445–1456. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097991

Triningtyas, A. Y., Mutiara, D., Sovia, E., Susanti, A. L., & Hamidah, E. (2023). Pemeriksaan Status Gizi dan Edukasi pada Atlet Renang Elite Swimming Club Bandung. Jurnal Abdimas Kartika Wijayakusuma, 4(1), 20–29.

Utami, H. D., Kamsiah, & Siregar, A. (2020). Hubungan Pola Makan, Tingkat Kecukupan Energi, dan Protein dengan Status Gizi pada Remaja. Jurnal Kesehatan, 11(2), 279–286.

Welis, W., & Afrinaldi, F. (2021). Kontribusi Energi Sarapan Pagi dan Tingkat Kebugaran Jasmani terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa. Jurnal SZporta Saintika, 6(1), 84–95.

Weraman, P., Susanto, N., Wahyuni, L. T. S., Pranata, D., Dewi, K. A. K., Kurniawati, Kadek Lina Hita, I. P. A. D., Lestari, N. A. P., & Nizeyumukiza, E. (2024). Chronic Pain and Subjective Health in a Sample of Indonesian Adults : A Moderation of Gender Keywords. Journal of Population and Social Studies (JPSS), 32, 278–289.World Health Organization. (2017). Growth reference data for 5–19 years. https://www.who.int/tools/growth-reference-data-for-5to19-years