The Effect of Rubber Ball Modifications On Improving Overhead Passing Techniques In Handball Learning
Keywords:
Equipment Modifications: Rubber Ball, Overhead Pass, Handball; Physical Education Learning.Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effect of using a modified rubber ball on improving overhead pass technique in handball instruction for eleventh-grade students at SMAN 2 Klari. The study used a quantitative approach with a One Group Pretest–Posttest experimental design. The sample size was 30 students selected using a simple random sampling method. The study consisted of three main stages: a pretest to measure initial abilities, a treatment program involving handball instruction using a rubber ball for eight sessions, and a posttest to measure skill improvement following the intervention. The descriptive analysis showed that the average pretest score of 61.40 (SD = 7.85) increased to 78.90 (SD = 6.92) in the posttest, with an average gain score of 17.50 points. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test showed the data were normally distributed (p > 0.05). The results of the paired sample t-test showed a significance value (Sig. 2-tailed) of 0.001 (<0.05) with an effect size (Cohen's d) of 1.21, which is considered large. Empirically, improvements were seen in the initial stance, movement execution, and final stance, particularly in arm coordination, directional control, and passing accuracy. Thus, the rubber ball modification proved effective in improving overhead pass technique skills and supporting more adaptive and evidence-based learning at the secondary school level.
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