The Effect of Arm Muscle Strength And Hand-Eye Coordination On Under Passing Ability Through Motivation In Female Volleyball Athletes

Abstract

This study aims to examine the effect of arm muscle strength and hand-eye coordination on under passing ability through motivation as a mediating variable in female volleyball athletes. Volleyball performance, particularly under passing, is influenced not only by physical factors but also by psychological aspects such as motivation, making an integrated analysis essential. This research employed a quantitative approach using a path analysis design. The sample consisted of 25 active female athletes from the Sparta FIKK UNM volleyball club, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using standardized instruments: Pull and Push Dynamometer for arm muscle strength, a wall throw-and-catch test for hand-eye coordination, a 33-item Likert-scale questionnaire for motivation, and the Brumbach forearm pass wall-volley test for under passing ability. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics version 25, including descriptive statistics and inferential analysis with prerequisite tests (normality, linearity, and multicollinearity) at a significance level of α = 0.05. The results showed that arm muscle strength significantly affected motivation (β = 0.293; p = 0.001) and under passing ability (β = 0.282; p = 0.001). Hand-eye coordination had a stronger effect on motivation (β = 0.681; p = 0.000) and also significantly influenced under passing ability (β = 0.274; p = 0.000). Motivation emerged as the strongest predictor of under passing ability (β = 0.454; p = 0.002). Indirect effects indicated that arm muscle strength contributed 13.3% and hand-eye coordination 30.9% to under passing ability through motivation. The model explained 82.2% of the variance in under passing ability (R² = 0.822). In conclusion, effective volleyball training programs should integrate physical conditioning and psychological development to optimize athlete performance.