Badminton Skills Test (Footwork, Smash Accuracy): Instrument Review And Best Practices In School

Muhammad Ishak; Andi Tilka Muftiah Ridjal

doi:10.26858/cpjok.v18i2.973

Authors

Muhammad Ishak Universitas Negeri Makassar Author
Andi Tilka Muftiah Ridjal Universitas Negeri Makassar Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26858/cpjok.v18i2.973

Keywords:

Badminton Skill Assessment; Footwork Test; Smash Accuracy; Educational Assessment; School Badminton

Abstract

Badminton skill assessment plays an important role in evaluating students’ technical competence and supporting evidence-based teaching and coaching practices. Among the various technical components of badminton, footwork and smash accuracy are recognized as essential indicators of performance because they influence movement efficiency, stroke execution, and overall game effectiveness. However, assessment practices in schools often rely on subjective observation rather than standardized and validated instruments. Therefore, this study aimed to review badminton footwork and smash-accuracy assessment instruments and identify best practices for their implementation in school settings. This study employed a literature review design by analyzing scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025 from Scopus-indexed and SINTA-indexed journals. Literature was collected through databases including Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Garuda using keywords related to badminton skill testing, footwork assessment, smash accuracy, and school-based evaluation. A total of 32 eligible studies were included in the review. The findings revealed that 14 studies (43.75%) focused on footwork assessment, 10 studies (31.25%) examined smash-accuracy assessment, and 8 studies (25.00%) investigated integrated assessment models. Footwork instruments demonstrated validity coefficients ranging from 0.82–0.93 and reliability coefficients from 0.88–0.95, while smash-accuracy instruments showed validity values of 0.77–0.95 and reliability values of 0.79–0.97. Moreover, a moderate-to-strong positive relationship (r = 0.58–0.79) was identified between footwork performance and smash accuracy. In conclusion, the Badminton Agility Movement Test and the Target Smash Accuracy Test are the most recommended instruments for school implementation due to their strong psychometric quality, practicality, and educational applicability. Integrating these assessments can improve the objectivity and effectiveness of badminton skill evaluation in schools.

References

Abian-Vicen, J., Castanedo, A., Abian, P., & Sampedro, J. (2021). Influence of badminton-specific movements on physical performance and technical efficiency in young badminton players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3548. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073548

Arifin, Z., & Kusnanik, N. W. (2021). Development of badminton skill assessment instruments in physical education learning. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 6(2), 150–159. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v6i2.35671

Bailey, R., Hillman, C., Arent, S., & Petitpas, A. (2020). Physical activity as an investment in personal and social change: The human capital model. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 17(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2019-0342

Button, C., Seifert, L., Chow, J. Y., Davids, K., & Araújo, D. (2020). Dynamics of skill acquisition: An ecological dynamics approach (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics. https://us.humankinetics.com

Chen, H. L., Wu, C. H., & Lin, K. C. (2021). The effects of skill-based badminton training on motor performance and coordination among adolescents. Sustainability, 13(18), 10244. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810244

Edmizal, E., Johansyah, L., & Arsil, A. (2021). Development and validation of a badminton smash accuracy test for youth athletes. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 11(8), 140–151. https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.08.014

Fuchs, M., Faude, O., Wegmann, M., & Meyer, T. (2020). Movement demands and physical performance in badminton players: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 50(6), 1125–1140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01247-8

Gómez, M. A., Rivas, F., Connor, J., & Leicht, A. (2020). Performance indicators in badminton: A review of tactical and technical variables. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(4), 623–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1783275

Halson, S. L. (2019). Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes. Sports Medicine, 49(S2), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01190-0

Hidayat, R., & Saryono, S. (2022). Evaluation of badminton extracurricular achievement through technical skill tests. Jurnal Keolahragaan, 10(2), 180–191. https://doi.org/10.21831/jk.v10i2.47891

Kuntze, G., Mansfield, N., & Sellers, W. (2018). A biomechanical analysis of common movements in badminton. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(17), 1935–1942. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1428956

Lam, W. K., Ding, R., & Qu, Y. (2021). Ground reaction forces and movement characteristics during badminton footwork. Sports Biomechanics, 20(8), 935–949. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2019.1616924

Li, F., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., & Liu, H. (2022). Application of motion capture technology in badminton performance evaluation. Sensors, 22(15), 5682. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155682

Liao, C. M., & Masters, R. S. W. (2021). Coordination and accuracy in badminton smash performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(9), 1284–1292. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1837245

Madsen, C. M., Karlsen, A., Nybo, L., & Randers, M. B. (2019). Sport-specific agility assessment and performance indicators in racket sports. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 59(6), 954–961. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08984-3

Mulyana, M., & Nurhasan, N. (2023). Reliability analysis of badminton performance tests among junior athletes. Sporta Saintika, 8(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.24036/sporta.v8i1.312

Nugroho, S., Tomoliyus, T., Sudarsono, S., & Pratama, R. (2022). Development of badminton footwork assessment instruments for junior athletes. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 41(2), 487–499. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v41i2.45671

Phomsoupha, M., & Laffaye, G. (2015). The science of badminton: Game characteristics, anthropometry, physiology, visual fitness and biomechanics. Sports Medicine, 45(4), 473–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0287-2

Pranoto, A., & Setyawan, F. E. B. (2021). Assessment model development for badminton learning in secondary schools. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 40(3), 702–714. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v40i3.41876

Prasetyo, Y., Wibowo, S., & Nurhadi, F. I. (2023). Relationship between footwork agility and smash performance in adolescent badminton athletes. Jurnal Keolahragaan, 11(1), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.21831/jk.v11i1.56789

Putra, A. P., Setiawan, I., & Kurniawan, F. (2022). Practicality and effectiveness of badminton skill assessment instruments in school extracurricular programs. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia, 18(2), 135–146. https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jpji

Rahman, M. A., Hidayat, T., & Supriyadi, S. (2022). Technical and physical determinants of badminton performance among school athletes. Journal Sport Area, 7(3), 332–344. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2022.vol7(3).10234

Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (2019). Motor learning and performance: From principles to application (6th ed.). Human Kinetics. https://us.humankinetics.com

Setiawan, E., Wijayanti, N., & Kusuma, A. (2023). Validity and reliability of target-based badminton smash accuracy tests. Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 9(2), 211–223. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v9i2.20876

Suharjana, S., & Nugroho, S. (2020). Sport-specific assessment in badminton learning: Validity and implementation. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia, 16(2), 102–114. https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jpji

Wulf, G. (2020). Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 15 years. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2019.1684397

Yudiana, Y., & Juliantine, T. (2022). Measuring technical skills in badminton extracurricular activities: A school-based approach. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 7(1), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v7i1.45123

Zhang, J., Wang, P., Li, H., & Chen, Y. (2024). Artificial intelligence-assisted assessment of badminton stroke performance: Reliability and validity analysis. Applied Sciences, 14(3), 1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031125